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行業百科
合金管件熱處理淬(cui)火十(shi)種裂紋(wen)分析與措施
1、合金管件縱向裂紋:裂紋呈軸向,形狀細而長。當模具完全淬透即無心淬火時,心部轉變為比容大的(de)(de)淬(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)火(huo)馬氏體(ti),產生(sheng)切向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)拉(la)應(ying)力,模具鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)含(han)碳量愈高,產生(sheng)的(de)(de)切向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)拉(la)應(ying)力愈大(da),當拉(la)應(ying)力大(da)于該(gai)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)強(qiang)度(du)(du)極限時(shi)導致(zhi)縱(zong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)裂紋形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)。以下因素又加(jia)(jia)劇了縱(zong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)裂紋的(de)(de)產生(sheng): (1)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)中(zhong)(zhong)含(han)有較多S、P、Bi、Pb、Sn、As等(deng)低熔點有害雜(za)質(zhi),鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)錠軋制(zhi)時(shi)沿(yan)軋制(zhi)方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)呈(cheng)縱(zong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)嚴(yan)(yan)重偏析(xi)分布,易產生(sheng)應(ying)力集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)縱(zong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)淬(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)火(huo)裂紋,或原材料(liao)軋制(zhi)后快冷(leng)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)縱(zong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)裂紋未加(jia)(jia)工掉保留在產品中(zhong)(zhong)導致(zhi)最終淬(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)火(huo)裂紋擴大(da)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)縱(zong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)裂紋; (2)模具尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun)(cun)在鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)淬(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)裂敏感尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun)(cun)范圍內(nei)(碳工具鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)淬(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)裂危險(xian)尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun)(cun)為8-15mm,中(zhong)(zhong)低合金鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)危險(xian)尺(chi)(chi)寸(cun)(cun)為25-40mm)或選擇的(de)(de)淬(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)火(huo)冷(leng)卻(que)介質(zhi)大(da)大(da)超過(guo)該(gai)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)臨界淬(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)火(huo)冷(leng)卻(que)速度(du)(du)時(shi)均易形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)縱(zong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)裂紋。預(yu)防措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi): (1)嚴(yan)(yan)格原材料(liao)入庫檢查(cha),對(dui)有害雜(za)質(zhi)含(han)量超標鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)材不(bu)投(tou)產; (2)盡量選用真空冶煉(lian)(lian),爐外(wai)精煉(lian)(lian)或電渣重熔模具鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)材; (3)改(gai)進熱(re)(re)處理工藝,采用真空加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)、保護氣氛加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)和充(chong)分脫氧鹽浴爐加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)及分級(ji)淬(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)火(huo)、等(deng)溫淬(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)火(huo); (4)變無心淬(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)火(huo)為有心淬(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)火(huo)即不(bu)完全淬(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)透,獲得強(qiang)韌(ren)性(xing)高的(de)(de)下貝氏體(ti)組織等(deng)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi),大(da)幅度(du)(du)降低拉(la)應(ying)力,能有效(xiao)避免模具縱(zong)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)開(kai)裂和淬(cui)(cui)(cui)(cui)火(huo)畸(ji)變。
2、合金管件橫向裂紋:裂紋特征是垂直于軸向。未淬透模具,在淬硬區與未淬硬區過渡部分存在大的拉應力峰值,大型模具快速冷卻時易形成大的拉應力峰值,因形成的軸向應力大于切向應力,導致產生橫向裂紋。鍛造模塊中S、P,Bi,Pb,Sn,As等低熔點有害雜質的橫向偏析或模塊存在橫向顯微裂紋,淬火后經擴展形成橫向裂紋。預防措施: (1)模塊應合理鍛造,原材料長度與直徑之比即鍛造比好選在(zai)2—3之間,鍛造(zao)(zao)(zao)采用雙十字(zi)形變向(xiang)(xiang)鍛造(zao)(zao)(zao),經五鐓(dui)五拔多火(huo)鍛造(zao)(zao)(zao),使鋼中碳化物和雜質呈細、小,勻分(fen)(fen)布于鋼基體(ti),鍛造(zao)(zao)(zao)纖維(wei)組(zu)織圍繞型腔無定向(xiang)(xiang)分(fen)(fen)布,大幅度(du)提高模(mo)塊(kuai)橫向(xiang)(xiang)力學性能(neng),減少和消除應力源(yuan);
(2)選擇理(li)想(xiang)的冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)速度和冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)介質:在鋼(gang)的Ms點以(yi)上快冷(leng)(leng),大(da)于(yu)該鋼(gang)臨界淬火冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)速度,鋼(gang)中過冷(leng)(leng)奧氏(shi)體產(chan)生(sheng)的應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)為(wei)熱應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li),表層(ceng)為(wei)壓應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li),內層(ceng)為(wei)張應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li),相(xiang)互抵消,有效(xiao)防止(zhi)熱應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)裂(lie)紋形(xing)成,在鋼(gang)的Ms—Mf之間緩冷(leng)(leng),大(da)幅度降低形(xing)成淬火馬氏(shi)體時(shi)的組織應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)。當鋼(gang)中熱應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)與相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)總(zong)(zong)和為(wei)正(張應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li))時(shi),則易(yi)淬裂(lie),為(wei)負時(shi),則不易(yi)淬裂(lie)。充(chong)分(fen)(fen)利用(yong)熱應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li),降低相(xiang)變(bian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li),控制應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)總(zong)(zong)和為(wei)負,能(neng)有效(xiao)避免橫向(xiang)淬火裂(lie)紋發(fa)生(sheng)。CL-1有機(ji)淬火介質是(shi)較理(li)想(xiang)淬火劑,同(tong)時(shi)可減少和避免淬火模(mo)具(ju)畸變(bian),還可控制硬化(hua)層(ceng)合理(li)分(fen)(fen)布。調正CL-1 淬火劑不同(tong)濃度配比,可得(de)到不同(tong)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)速度,獲得(de)所需(xu)硬化(hua)層(ceng)分(fen)(fen)布,滿足不同(tong)模(mo)具(ju)鋼(gang)需(xu)求(qiu)。
3、合(he)金管(guan)件弧(hu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)裂(lie)紋(wen)(wen):常(chang)發生在模(mo)(mo)具(ju)棱角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、缺口、孔穴、 凹模(mo)(mo)接線(xian)飛邊等形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)突變(bian)(bian)(bian)處。這(zhe)是因為,淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)時(shi)棱角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)處產生的應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)是平滑(hua)表面(mian)(mian)平均應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的10倍(bei)。另(ling)外, (1)鋼(gang)中(zhong)含碳(C)量和(he)(he)(he)合(he)金元素含量愈高(gao),鋼(gang)Ms點(dian)(dian)愈低(di),Ms點(dian)(dian)降(jiang)低(di)2℃,則(ze)(ze)淬(cui)(cui)裂(lie)傾向增加(jia)1.2倍(bei),Ms點(dian)(dian)降(jiang)低(di)8℃,淬(cui)(cui)裂(lie)傾向則(ze)(ze)增加(jia)8倍(bei); (2)鋼(gang)中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)同組(zu)織(zhi)轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)和(he)(he)(he)相同組(zu)織(zhi)轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)不(bu)(bu)同時(shi)性(xing),由于(yu)不(bu)(bu)同組(zu)織(zhi)比(bi)容差,造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)巨大組(zu)織(zhi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li),導致(zhi)組(zu)織(zhi)交界(jie)處形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)弧(hu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)裂(lie)紋(wen)(wen); (3)淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)后(hou)未(wei)及時(shi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)火(huo),或(huo)回(hui)(hui)(hui)火(huo)不(bu)(bu)充分,鋼(gang)中(zhong)殘(can)余奧氏體未(wei)充分轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian),保留在使(shi)(shi)用狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態中(zhong),促進(jin)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)重新分布,或(huo)模(mo)(mo)具(ju)服役時(shi)殘(can)余奧氏體發生馬氏體相變(bian)(bian)(bian)產生新的內應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li),當綜合(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)大于(yu)該(gai)鋼(gang)強度(du)極限時(shi)便(bian)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)弧(hu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)裂(lie)紋(wen)(wen); (4)具(ju)有(you)(you)第(di)二類(lei)回(hui)(hui)(hui)火(huo)脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)鋼(gang),淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)后(hou)高(gao)溫回(hui)(hui)(hui)火(huo)緩冷(leng),導致(zhi)鋼(gang)中(zhong)P,s等有(you)(you)害雜質化(hua)合(he)物沿(yan)晶界(jie)析出(chu),大大降(jiang)低(di)晶界(jie)結合(he)力(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)強韌(ren)性(xing),增加(jia)脆(cui)(cui)性(xing),服役時(shi)在外力(li)(li)(li)(li)作用下形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)弧(hu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)裂(lie)紋(wen)(wen)。預防(fang)措施: (1)改進(jin)設(she)計,盡(jin)量使(shi)(shi)形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)對稱,減少(shao)形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)突變(bian)(bian)(bian),增加(jia)工藝孔與加(jia)強筋(jin), 或(huo)采用組(zu)合(he)裝(zhuang)配; (2)圓角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)代(dai)直角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)及尖角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)銳邊,貫(guan)穿孔代(dai)盲孔,提高(gao)加(jia)工精(jing)度(du)和(he)(he)(he)表面(mian)(mian)光潔度(du),減少(shao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集中(zhong)源,對于(yu)無法避免直角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、尖角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)銳邊、盲孔等處一般硬(ying)度(du)要求不(bu)(bu)高(gao),可(ke)用鐵絲(si)、石棉繩、耐火(huo)泥等進(jin)行包(bao)扎(zha)或(huo)填塞,人為造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)冷(leng)卻(que)屏(ping)障,使(shi)(shi)之緩慢冷(leng)卻(que)淬(cui)(cui)火(huo),避免應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)集中(zhong),防(fang)止淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)時(shi)弧(hu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)裂(lie)紋(wen)(wen)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng);(3)淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)鋼(gang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)及時(shi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)火(huo),消除部分淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)內應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li),防(fang)止淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)擴展(zhan); (4)較長(chang)時(shi)間回(hui)(hui)(hui)火(huo),提高(gao)模(mo)(mo)具(ju)抗(kang)斷裂(lie)韌(ren)性(xing)值; (5)充分回(hui)(hui)(hui)火(huo),得到穩定組(zu)織(zhi)性(xing)能(neng);多次回(hui)(hui)(hui)火(huo)使(shi)(shi)殘(can)余奧氏體轉(zhuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)充分和(he)(he)(he)消除新的應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li); (7)合(he)理(li)回(hui)(hui)(hui)火(huo),提高(gao)鋼(gang)件疲勞(lao)抗(kang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)綜合(he)機(ji)械力(li)(li)(li)(li)學性(xing)能(neng); 對于(yu)有(you)(you)第(di)二類(lei)回(hui)(hui)(hui)火(huo)脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)模(mo)(mo)具(ju)鋼(gang)高(gao)溫回(hui)(hui)(hui)火(huo)后(hou)應(ying)(ying)(ying)快冷(leng)(水冷(leng)或(huo)油冷(leng)),可(ke)消除二類(lei)回(hui)(hui)(hui)火(huo)脆(cui)(cui)性(xing),防(fang)止和(he)(he)(he)避免淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)時(shi)弧(hu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)裂(lie)紋(wen)(wen)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)。
4、合金(jin)管(guan)件剝離(li)(li)裂(lie)紋(wen):模(mo)(mo)具(ju)服役時(shi)在(zai)應力(li)(li)作用下,淬(cui)火硬(ying)化(hua)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)一塊塊從(cong)鋼(gang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)中剝離(li)(li)。因模(mo)(mo)具(ju)表(biao)(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)組(zu)織和(he)心部(bu)組(zu)織比容(rong)不同(tong),淬(cui)火時(shi)表(biao)(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)軸向(xiang)、切向(xiang)淬(cui)火應力(li)(li),徑(jing)向(xiang)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)拉(la)應力(li)(li),并向(xiang)內部(bu)突(tu)變(bian),在(zai)應力(li)(li)急劇變(bian)化(hua)范(fan)圍(wei)較窄(zhai)處(chu)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)剝離(li)(li)裂(lie)紋(wen),常發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)經表(biao)(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)熱(re)處(chu)理(li)模(mo)(mo)具(ju)冷(leng)卻過(guo)(guo)程中,因表(biao)(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)改(gai)性與鋼(gang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)相變(bian)不同(tong)時(shi)性引(yin)起內外層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)淬(cui)火馬(ma)氏體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)膨脹不同(tong)時(shi)進行(xing),產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)大的相變(bian)應力(li)(li),導致化(hua)學(xue)(xue)處(chu)理(li)滲(shen)(shen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)從(cong)基(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)組(zu)織中剝離(li)(li)。如火焰表(biao)(biao)面淬(cui)硬(ying)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、高頻(pin)表(biao)(biao)面淬(cui)硬(ying)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、滲(shen)(shen)碳(tan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、碳(tan)氮共(gong)滲(shen)(shen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、滲(shen)(shen)氮層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、滲(shen)(shen)硼層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、滲(shen)(shen)金(jin)屬(shu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)等。化(hua)學(xue)(xue)滲(shen)(shen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)淬(cui)火后(hou)不宜快速回火,尤其是300~C以下低(di)溫回火快速加熱(re),會促使表(biao)(biao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)拉(la)應力(li)(li),而鋼(gang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)心部(bu)及過(guo)(guo)渡層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)壓縮(suo)應力(li)(li),當(dang)拉(la)應力(li)(li)大于(yu)壓縮(suo)應力(li)(li)時(shi),導致化(hua)學(xue)(xue)滲(shen)(shen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)被拉(la)裂(lie)剝離(li)(li)。預防措施: (1)應使模(mo)(mo)具(ju)鋼(gang)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)滲(shen)(shen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)濃度(du)(du)與硬(ying)度(du)(du)由(you)表(biao)(biao)至(zhi)內平緩(huan)降(jiang)低(di),增強滲(shen)(shen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)與基(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)結合力(li)(li),滲(shen)(shen)后(hou)進行(xing)擴(kuo)散處(chu)理(li)能(neng)使化(hua)學(xue)(xue)滲(shen)(shen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)與基(ji)(ji)(ji)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)過(guo)(guo)渡均勻;(2)模(mo)(mo)具(ju)鋼(gang)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)處(chu)理(li)之(zhi)前(qian)進行(xing)擴(kuo)散退(tui)火、球化(hua)退(tui)火、調(diao)質(zhi)處(chu)理(li),充分細化(hua)原始組(zu)織,能(neng)有效防止(zhi)和(he)避免剝離(li)(li)裂(lie)紋(wen)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),確保產品質(zhi)量。
5、合金(jin)管件(jian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)狀裂紋:裂紋深度(du)較淺,一般深約0.01-1.5mm,呈(cheng)輻射狀,別名龜裂。原(yuan)因(yin)主要有(you): (1)原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)有(you)較深脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)層(ceng),冷切削(xue)加工(gong)未去除,或成(cheng)(cheng)品模(mo)具在(zai)氧化(hua)(hua)氣氛(fen)爐中(zhong)加熱(re)造成(cheng)(cheng)氧化(hua)(hua)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)碳(tan)(tan)(tan); (2)模(mo)具脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)表層(ceng)金(jin)屬組織(zhi)與鋼(gang)基體(ti)馬氏體(ti)含碳(tan)(tan)(tan)量不同,比容不同,鋼(gang)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)表層(ceng)淬(cui)火(huo)時產生大(da)(da)的(de)(de)拉(la)應力(li),因(yin)此(ci),表層(ceng)金(jin)屬往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)沿晶(jing)界(jie)被拉(la)裂成(cheng)(cheng)網(wang)(wang)(wang)狀; (3)原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)是粗(cu)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)鋼(gang),原(yuan)始(shi)組織(zhi)粗(cu)大(da)(da),存在(zai)大(da)(da)塊狀鐵素體(ti),常規淬(cui)火(huo)無(wu)法(fa)消除,保留在(zai)淬(cui)火(huo)組織(zhi)中(zhong),或控溫不準,儀表失靈,發生組織(zhi)過熱(re),甚至過燒(shao),晶(jing)粒(li)(li)粗(cu)化(hua)(hua),失去晶(jing)界(jie)結合力(li),模(mo)具淬(cui)火(huo)冷卻時鋼(gang)的(de)(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)(hua)物沿奧氏體(ti)晶(jing)界(jie)析出,晶(jing)界(jie)強(qiang)度(du)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低,韌性差,脆性大(da)(da),在(zai)拉(la)應力(li)作(zuo)用下沿晶(jing)界(jie)呈(cheng)網(wang)(wang)(wang)狀裂開。預(yu)防措施: (1)嚴(yan)格原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)化(hua)(hua)學成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen).金(jin)相組織(zhi)和探傷檢查,不合格原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)和粗(cu)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)鋼(gang)不宜作(zuo)模(mo)具材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao); (2)選(xuan)用細晶(jing)粒(li)(li)鋼(gang)、真空電爐鋼(gang),投產前復(fu)查原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)層(ceng)深度(du),冷切削(xue)加工(gong)余(yu)量必須(xu)大(da)(da)于脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)層(ceng)深度(du); (3)制(zhi)訂先進合理(li)熱(re)處理(li)工(gong)藝,選(xuan)用微(wei)機控溫儀表,控制(zhi)精度(du)達(da)到±1.5℃,定時現場校驗儀表; (4)模(mo)具產品最終(zhong)處理(li)選(xuan)用真空電爐、保護氣氛(fen)爐和經充分(fen)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)氧鹽浴爐加熱(re)模(mo)具產品等措施,有(you)效(xiao)防止和避免(mian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)狀裂紋形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)。
6、合(he)(he)金管件冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)裂(lie)紋(wen):模具鋼多為(wei)中(zhong),高(gao)碳合(he)(he)金鋼,淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)(huo)后還有(you)部(bu)分過冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)奧氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)未(wei)轉(zhuan)變(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)馬(ma)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti),保(bao)(bao)留(liu)在使用(yong)狀態(tai)中(zhong)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)殘(can)余(yu)奧氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti),影響使用(yong)性能。若置(zhi)于零(ling)度(du)(du)以(yi)下繼續(xu)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que),能促使殘(can)余(yu)奧氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)發生(sheng)馬(ma)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)轉(zhuan)變(bian),因此,冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的實質是(shi)淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)(huo)繼續(xu)。室(shi)溫(wen)下淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)(huo)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)和(he)零(ling)度(du)(du)下淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)(huo)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)疊(die)加,當疊(die)回應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)超過該(gai)材(cai)料強度(du)(du)極限時便形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)裂(lie)紋(wen)。預(yu)防措(cuo)施: (1)淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)(huo)后冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)之前將(jiang)模具置(zhi)于沸水中(zhong)煮30—60min,可(ke)消(xiao)除(chu)15%-25%淬(cui)(cui)火(huo)(huo)內應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)并使殘(can)余(yu)奧氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)穩定化(hua),再進(jin)行-60℃常規(gui)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),或進(jin)行-120℃深冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),溫(wen)度(du)(du)愈低,殘(can)余(yu)奧氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)轉(zhuan)變(bian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)馬(ma)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)量(liang)愈多,但(dan)不(bu)可(ke)能全部(bu)轉(zhuan)變(bian)完,實驗表(biao)明(ming),約有(you)2%-5%殘(can)余(yu)奧氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)保(bao)(bao)留(liu)下來(lai),按需要保(bao)(bao)留(liu)少(shao)量(liang)殘(can)余(yu)奧氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)可(ke)松(song)馳應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li),起緩(huan)(huan)沖作用(yong),因殘(can)余(yu)奧氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)又(you)軟又(you)韌(ren),能部(bu)分吸收馬(ma)氏(shi)(shi)體(ti)(ti)化(hua)急(ji)劇膨脹能量(liang),緩(huan)(huan)和(he)相變(bian)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li); (2)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)完畢后取出(chu)模具投(tou)入熱水中(zhong)升溫(wen),可(ke)消(xiao)除(chu)40%-60%冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li),升溫(wen)至室(shi)溫(wen)后應(ying)(ying)及時回火(huo)(huo),冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)進(jin)一(yi)步消(xiao)除(chu),避免(mian)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)裂(lie)紋(wen)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),獲(huo)得穩定組織性能,確保(bao)(bao)模具產品存(cun)放和(he)使用(yong)中(zhong)不(bu)發生(sheng)畸變(bian)。
7、合(he)金管件(jian)磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)裂(lie)紋:常發生(sheng)在(zai)模具成品淬(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)、回(hui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)后磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)冷加(jia)(jia)(jia)工過程中,多數形成的微(wei)細裂(lie)紋與(yu)磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)方向垂(chui)直,深約0.05—1.0mm。 (1)原(yuan)材料(liao)預處理不當,未能(neng)充(chong)分消除原(yuan)材料(liao)塊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、網狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、帶(dai)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)碳化物(wu)和發生(sheng)嚴重脫碳; (2)最(zui)終淬(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)過高,發生(sheng)過熱(re),晶粒粗大(da),生(sheng)成較多殘余(yu)(yu)奧(ao)氏體(ti); (3)在(zai)磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)時(shi)發生(sheng)應力(li)誘發相變,使殘余(yu)(yu)奧(ao)氏體(ti)轉變為(wei)馬氏體(ti),組(zu)織(zhi)應力(li)大(da),加(jia)(jia)(jia)上(shang)因回(hui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)不充(chong)分,留有較多殘余(yu)(yu)拉應力(li),與(yu)磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)組(zu)織(zhi)應力(li)疊加(jia)(jia)(jia),或(huo)因磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)速(su)度(du)(du)(du)(du)、進(jin)(jin)刀量(liang)大(da)及冷卻(que)不當,導致金屬表(biao)層磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)熱(re)急劇升(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)至淬(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du),隨之磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)液冷卻(que),造(zao)成磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)表(biao)層二次(ci)淬(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),多種應力(li)綜合(he),超(chao)過該材料(liao)強度(du)(du)(du)(du)極限,便引起(qi)表(biao)層金屬磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)裂(lie)紋。預防(fang)措施:(1)對原(yuan)材料(liao)進(jin)(jin)行改鍛(duan),多次(ci)雙十字形變向鐓拔鍛(duan)造(zao),經四鐓四拔,使鍛(duan)造(zao)纖維組(zu)織(zhi)圍繞型腔或(huo)軸(zhou)線呈波浪形對稱分布(bu),并利用(yong)最(zui)后一火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)高溫(wen)(wen)余(yu)(yu)熱(re)進(jin)(jin)行淬(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),接著高溫(wen)(wen)回(hui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo),能(neng)充(chong)分消除塊狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、網狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、帶(dai)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)和鏈狀(zhuang)(zhuang)碳化物(wu),使碳化物(wu)細化至2-3級; (2)制訂先進(jin)(jin)的熱(re)處理工藝,控制最(zui)終淬(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)殘余(yu)(yu)奧(ao)氏體(ti)含量(liang)不超(chao)標(biao); (3)淬(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)后及時(shi)進(jin)(jin)行回(hui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)、消除淬(cui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)應力(li); (4)適當降低磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)速(su)度(du)(du)(du)(du)、磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)量(liang),磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)冷卻(que)速(su)度(du)(du)(du)(du),能(neng)有效防(fang)止(zhi)和避免(mian)磨(mo)(mo)削(xue)裂(lie)紋形成。
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